Algebraic Structures

(代数系)

Discrete Mathematics I

11th lecture, Dec. 4, 2015

http://www.sw.it.aoyama.ac.jp/2015/Math1/lecture11.html

Martin J. Dürst

AGU

© 2006-15 Martin J. Dürst Aoyama Gakuin University

Today's Schedule

 

Leftovers of Last Lecture

 

Summary of Last Lecture

We defined the following properties of binary relations:

  1. Reflexive: xA:xRx; ∀xA: (x, x) ∈ R
  2. Symmetric: ∀x, yA: xRyyRx;
    x, yA: (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ (y, x) ∈ R
  3. Antisymmetric: ∀x, yA: xRyyRxx=y
  4. Transitive: ∀x, y, zA: xRyyRzxRz

A relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive is a (partial) order relation.

A relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive is an equivalence relation.

 

Unsubmitted Homework?

Homework submitted in paper form is listed as unsubmitted at http://moo.sw.it.aoyama.ac.jp.

Do not worry about this.

 

Algebraic Structure

Very general view on mathematical objects

An algebraic structure is a class of mathematical objects that all share the same properties.

Properties shared by all algebraic structures are:

 

Example of Algebraic Structure: Group

 

The Integers with Addition as a Group (ℤ, +)

 

The Reals with Multiplication as a Group (ℝ-{0}, ·)

 

The Positive Reals with Multiplication as a Group (ℝ+, ·)

 

Permutations

 

Permutations as Exchanges

 

Composition of Permutations

 

Symmetric Groups

 

Group Theorem: Uniqueness of Identity

Existence of identity element: ∃eA: ∀bA: eb = b = be

Theorem: The identity element of a group is unique
(∃cA: ∃xA: cx = x) ⇒ c = e

Proof:

cx = x [inverse axiom, closure]

(cx)•x' = xx' [associativity axiom]

c•(xx') = xx' [inverse axiom, on both sides]

ce = e [identity axiom]

c = e Q.E.D. (similar proof for right idenity)

 

Group Theorem: Uniqueness of Inverse

Existence of an inverse: ∀bA: ∃b'A: bb' = e = b'•b

Theorem: Each inverse is unique
a, b∈A: (ab = eb=a')

Proof:

ab = e [applying a'• on the left]

a'•(ab) = a'•e [associativity axiom]

(a'•a)•b = a'•e [inverse axiom]

eb = a'•e [identity axiom, on both sides]

b = a' Q.E.D. (similar proof for left inverse)

 

Group Theorem: Cancellation Law

Theorem: ∀a, b, c ∈A: (ac = bca=b)

Proof:

ac = bc [applying c' on the right]

(ac)•c' = (bc)•c' [associativity]

a•(cc') = b•(cc') [inverse axiom, on both sides]

ae = be [identity axiom, on both sides]

a = b Q.E.D. (similar proof for left cancellation)

 

Group Isomorphism

G e a b
e e a b
a a b e
b b e a
K 0 2 1
0 0 2 1
2 2 1 0
1 1 0 2
H 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
1 1 2 0
2 2 0 1

 

Cayley Tables

 

This Week's Homework

Deadline: December 10, 2015 (Thursday), 19:00.

Format: A4 single page (using both sides is okay; NO cover page), easily readable handwriting (NO printouts), name (kanji and kana) and student number at the top right

Where to submit: Box in front of room O-529 (building O, 5th floor)

Homework 1: Create a Cayley table of the symmetric group of order 3. Use lexical order for the permutations.

Homework 2: If we define isomorphic groups as being "the same", there are two different groups of size 4. Give an example of each group as a Cayley table. Hint: Check all the conditions (axioms) for a group. There will be a deduction if you use the same elements of the group as another student.

 

Glossary

algebraic structure
代数系
group
group theory
群論
inverse element
逆元
inverse, reciprocal
逆数
symmetric group
対称群
closure
閉性
Abelian group
アベル群、可換群
semigroup
半群
ring
polynomial
多項式
field
lattice
multiplication table
九九 (表)
lexical (or lexicographic(al)) order
辞書式順序